To effectively teach adult English language learners, teachers need to understand basic principles of  adult learning.

Educator Malcolm Knowles' ideas of how adults learn are the basis for much learning theory about adults. Knowles said:

• --Adults are self-directed in their learning.
  --Adults are reservoirs of experience that serve as resources as they learn.
  --Adults are practical, problem-solving-oriented learners.
  --Adults want their learning to be immediately applicable to their lives.
  --Adults want to know why something needs to be learned.

In short, adult learners need adult-appropriate content, materials, and activities that speak to their needs and interests and allow them to demonstrate their knowledge and abilities.

English language learners may differ from other adult learners to the extent that culture, language, and experience play roles in the learning. For example, many adult learners have been accustomed to teacher-centered classrooms where they were not encouraged to participate. It may take time for learners to become comfortable with the more learner-centered ESL class where their participation is expected and encouraged.