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  • Sample Page
  • Who We Are
    • Mission and Values
    • Board of Trustees
    • Staff and Associates
      • Staff Directory
      • Fellowships
        • Charles A. Ferguson Fellowship
        • G. Richard Tucker Fellowship
      • Leadership
    • Career Opportunities
      • Interns
      • Consultants
        • Research Consultant Opportunity
        • PreK-12 Professional Development Consultant Opportunity
        • CAL Professional Item Writer Opportunity
        • Psychometrics and Quantitative Research – Consulting Opportunities
        • Instructional Design Consultant
    • Our History
      • The 1960s: Building Foundations
      • The 1970s: Responding to New Needs
      • The 1980s: Broadening Our Scope
      • The 1990s: Promoting Program and Student Success
      • The 2000s: Addressing Language and Cultural Differences
      • The 2010s: Promoting Access, Equity, and Mutual Understanding
    • CAL 60
      • PETCO (Pre-Employment Training Corporation)(1984)
      • PASS: Preparation for American Secondary Schools. (1987)
      • Language in Action. (1985)
      • Communicative Math and Science Teaching. (1990)
      • American English for International Officers Partial
      • Teaching For Tomorrow
      • Skillpac: English for Industry (1985)
      • Sing a Song Together (PREP- Preparing Refugees for Elementary Programs). (1987)
      • Test Page Trey&Althea
    • Our Founder
      • The Charles A. Ferguson Award for Outstanding Scholarship
        • 2022 Ferguson Award – Micheline Chalhoub-Deville
        • 2021: Patricia Baquedano-López, PhD
        • 2020 Ferguson Award – Dr. Martha Bigelow
        • 2019 Ferguson Award – Nancy H. Hornberger, PhD
        • 2018 Ferguson Award – Jonathan Rosa, PhD
        • 2017 Ferguson Award – Ofelia García, PhD
        • 2016 Ferguson Award – Wayne E. Wright, PhD
        • 2015 Ferguson Award – Thom G. Huebner, PhD
        • 2023 Ferguson Award – Maria Carreira
        • 2025 Ferguson Award – Kate Menken
    • Annual Reports
  • What We Do
    • Projects
    • Research
    • Services
      • Program Evaluation Services
    • Online Courses
  • Areas of Impact
    • Adult Literacy and Language Education
    • International Language Education 
    • PreK-12 EL Assessment
    • Adult English Assessment
    • World Languages Assessment
    • Immigrants and Newcomers
      • Newcomers in Your School: Cultural Connections and Instructional Strategies
    • PreK-12 EL Education 
    • Dual Language and Multilingual Education
    • World Languages
    • Testing and Assessment
  • Resource Center
    • Research to Policy: Critical Conversations in Language Education
    • Webinars and Video Resources
    • Online Learning Resources
    • Databases and Directories
    • Online Organizations
    • Products and Publications
    • Resource Archive
      • Digests
      • Linguistic Reporter Collection
      • Heritage Briefs
      • Heritage Voices: Programs Collection
      • Heritage Voices: Languages Collection
      • Heritage Languages Schools Briefs
    • Permissions
    • Research to Policy: Critical Conversations in Language Education
    • CAL Commentary
  • News and Events
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    • In the News
    • Subscribe to CAL News
  • FLAD
    • Foreign Language Assessment Directory
    • Understanding Assessment Tutorial
      • Introduction
        • Elementary Immersion Sample Response
      • Key Concepts
      • Validity
        • What do I want to know?
        • What skills do I want to measure?
        • What is the intended purpose of the test?
        • How will I use the test results?
        • What information will the test provide?
        • Show what you know!
        • Sample Response – Elementary
        • Sample Response – Secondary
        • Sample Response – Post-secondary
        • Sample Response – Heritage
        • Sample Response – Professional
        • Puzzle Piece
      • Reliability
        • What is the relationship between reliability and validity?
        • How do I determine if a test is reliable for my situation?
        • What could affect reliability?
        • Sample Response – Elementary
        • Sample Response – Secondary
        • Sample Response – Post-secondary
        • Sample Response – Heritage
        • Sample Response – Professional
        • Puzzle Piece
        • Show what you know!
      • Practicality
        • Do I have the resources to use this test in my classroom?
        • What are the practical considerations for test administration?
        • What are the practical considerations in scoring a test?
        • Sample Response – Elementary
        • Sample Response – Secondary
        • Sample Response – Post-secondary
        • Sample Response – Heritage
        • Sample Response – Professional
        • Puzzle Piece
        • Show what you know!
      • Impact
        • What are the possible effects of a test?
        • What does positive washback look like?
        • What does negative washback looks like?
        • Who will be affected?
        • How will different stakeholders be affected?
        • Show what you know!
        • Impact Sample Response – Elementary
        • Impact Sample Response – Secondary
        • Impact Sample Response – Post-secondary
        • Impact Sample Response – Heritage
        • Impact Sample Response – Professional
        • Puzzle Piece
      • Putting It All Together
      • Needs Assessment
      • Resources
    • Heritage Language Assessment Module
      • Introduction
        • Linguistic Characteristics and Considerations
        • Cultural Characteristics and Considerations
        • Factors in Language Development
        • Program Types
        • Implications for Assessment
        • Show What You Know!
        • K-5 Community-Based School Sample Response
        • Mixed Class University Sample Response
        • High School Heritage Class Sample Response
      • Assessing HLLs: The Why
        • Improving Outcomes
        • Support and Advocacy
        • Providing Evidence
        • Assessment Challenges
      • Assessing HLLs: The What
        • Placement Tests
        • Formative Assessment
        • Summative Assessment
        • Examples of Effective Assessment Tasks
        • Summary of Best Practices
        • Show What You Know!
        • Elementary Community-Based School Sample Response
        • Mixed Class University
        • Dual Language Immersion
        • Adult Community Center
      • Assessing HLLs: The How
        • Needs Assessment
        • Selecting Assessments
        • Modifying Assessments
        • Developing Assessments
        • Show What You Know!
        • Middle School Community Center Sample Response
        • Adult Evening Class
        • Elementary Mixed Class
        • Mixed Class University
        • Putting It All Together
      • Resources
    • Post-Secondary World Language Assessment Module
      • Resources
      • Proficiency
        • Scenario A – Sample Response
        • Scenario B – Sample Response
        • Scenario C – Sample Response
        • Show What You Know!
        • Acquiring Proficiency
        • Proficiency Levels
        • Proficiency-Based Approach to Assessment: The What
        • Proficiency-Based Approach to Assessment: The Why
        • Proficiency-Based Approach to Assessment: The How
        • Types of Assessments
        • Summary of Best Practices
      • Assessment Plans
        • Scenario A – Sample Response
        • Scenario B – Sample Response
        • Scenario C – Sample Response
        • Show What You Know!
        • Assessment Plans: The What
        • Assessment Plans: The Why
        • Assessment Plans: The How
        • Aligning Assessment with Instruction
        • Designing Performance-based Assessment Tasks
        • Assessing Intercultural Communication
        • Assessing Cultures
        • Assessment and Program Articulation
        • Summary of Best Practices
        • Performance-based Assessment Tasks
        • Scoring Performance-based Assessment Tasks
        • Using Integrated Performance Assessments
        • Designing Integrated Performance Assessments
        • Intercultural Communicative Competence
      • Placement Testing
        • Scenario A – Sample Response
        • Scenario B – Sample Response
        • Scenario C – Sample Response
        • Show What You Know!
        • Placement Testing: The How
        • Placement Testing: The Why
        • Types of Assessment Tools and Approaches for Placement
        • Selecting Placement Tests
        • Using Placement Test Results
        • Summary of Best Practices
        • Placement Testing: The What
        • Additional Considerations
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